The Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomic Status of
Apodemus peninsulae, with Description of a New Subspecies from North China, by J. Knox Jones, Jr.

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: Comments on the Taxonomic Status of Apodemus peninsulae, with Description of a New Subspecies from North China

Author: J. Knox Jones, Jr.

Release Date: March 17, 2010 [EBook #31674]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APODEMUS PENINSULAE ***




Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Joseph R. Hauser
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net

University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History

Volume 9, No. 8, pp. 337-346, 1 fig. in text, 1 table
August 15, 1956

Comments on the Taxonomic Status of
Apodemus peninsulae, with Description
of a New Subspecies from North China

BY

J. KNOX JONES, JR.

University of Kansas
Lawrence
1956

University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,
Robert W. Wilson

Volume 9, No. 8, pp. 337-346, 1 fig. in text, 1 table
Published August 15, 1956

University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1956

26-3854

Comments on the Taxonomic Status of Apodemus peninsulae, with
Description of a New Subspecies from North China

BY
J. KNOX JONES, JR.

In the past several years the United States National Museum has received a large number of mammals from central and southern Korea through the auspices of the Commission on Hemorrhagic Fever of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board. Among these Korean collections are more than a hundred specimens of a murine rodent originally described as "Micromys speciosus peninsulae" by Oldfield Thomas but currently placed in the genus Apodemus. In attempting to ascertain the specific relationships of this mouse I have examined, through the generosity of Dr. David H. Johnson, Acting Curator of Mammals, most of the other Oriental specimens of the subgenus Sylvaemus in the U. S. National Museum and it is on this combined material that the following comments and description are based.

Three general groups of the genus Apodemus are presently known to occur on the mainland of northeast Asia. One is the distinctive Apodemus agrarius, lone representative of the subgenus Apodemus. The others, both in the subgenus Sylvaemus and closely resembling each other, are represented by a small animal that is currently regarded as conspecific with Apodemus sylvaticus and a larger animal of which the Korean mouse, peninsulae, is representative. The oldest trivial name applied to the large Sylvaemus is major of Radde, 1862, in the combination [Mus sylvaticus] vrt. major. This is, however, twice preoccupied (see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:566). The next available name is peninsulae of Thomas, 1907, which was applied to mice from central and southern Korea (type from Mun'gyong, 110 mi. SE Seoul, Korea), and was originally proposed as a subspecies of the insular Japanese species, Apodemus speciosus. G. M. Allen (1940:949), who recognized peninsulae as a monotypic species, was the first investigator to make the important distinction that it was not conspecific with the Japanese speciosus, although Hollister (1913:1-2) and Miller (1914:89) had previously used the combination Apodemus peninsulae, evidently with the same thought in mind.[Pg 340]

Fig. 1. Ventral views of skulls and left maxillary tooth-rows of two species of the genus Apodemus.

a. Apodemus flavicollis flavicollis (Melchior), Lolland, Denmark, adult ♂, No. 141691 USNM, ×2.

b. Apodemus flavicollis flavicollis (Melchior), Mauseklippe, Germany, young ♂, No. 112895 USNM, ×10.

c. Apodemus peninsulae peninsulae (Thomas), Central Nat'l Forest, near Pup'yong-ni, 200 m., Korea, subadult ϓ2, No. 300650 USNM, ×10.

d. Apodemus peninsulae peninsulae (Thomas), 6 mi. S Yongdongp'o, Korea, adult ♂, No. 299554 USNM, ×2.

In comparing the ventral views of skulls note especially the size and location of incisive foramina and posterior palatine foramina as well as the breadth of mesopterygoid fossae. In comparing the left maxillary tooth-rows note especially the size of M3 and the reduced posterointernal cusp on Ml in A. peninsulae.]

More recently, Ellerman (1949:32) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:566) have arranged peninsulae as a subspecies of Apodemus flavicollis under the assumption that all the members of the subgenus Sylvaemus on the eastern Asiatic mainland are subspecies of one or another of the species of western Europe, A. flavicollis or A. sylvaticus. Ellerman (in Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:564) states: "The majority of the forms I distribute in a somewhat arbitrary manner between sylvaticus, average smaller skull, and flavicollis, average larger skull; occurring together nearly throughout the Palaearctic. I feel fairly sure that there are some errors of judgment in my arrangement, and equally sure that there is no other way to define species in this very large and difficult group." I have compared the specimens of peninsulae available to me from central and southern Korea with specimens of A. f. flavicollis from Denmark, Germany and Sweden and find, although the[Pg 341] two are similar in many ways, that peninsulae differs from flavicollis in several important characters: Mammae 1-2=6 in flavicollis, and 2-2=8 in peninsulae; incisive foramina reaching level of alveoli of M1, or nearly so, in flavicollis, but ending conspicuously short of that level in peninsulae; posterior palatine foramina large in flavicollis and opposite a point where M1 and M2 meet, but small in peninsulae and situated farther back on the palate, opposite M2. Moreover, peninsulae lacks the characteristic buffy throat patch of flavicollis, has a much reduced posterointernal cusp on the M1, a relatively (frequently actually) larger M3 and, on the average, a broader mesopterygoid fossa. In view of these differences, all of which appear to be constant, I consider peninsulae specifically distinct from flavicollis. Throughout its known geographic range (see below) peninsulae is evidently confined to wooded terrain, either scrub or brush types or forested areas, and the vernacular name wood mouse, therefore, seems appropriate for this species.

The type specimens of Apodemus praetor Miller (type from Sungari River, 60 mi. SW Kirin, Manchuria) and Apodemus nigritalus Hollister (type from Tapucha, Altai Mountains, Siberia) agree with peninsulae as concerns the above characters and differ from it only in minor external and cranial features. They are, therefore, here considered as subspecies of the latter.

Ellerman (1949:32) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:567) regarded nigritalus, like peninsulae, as a subspecies of flavicollis. The subspecies praetor, on the other hand, has generally been regarded as a synonym of peninsulae by recent authors. Howell (1929:58) noted that the holotype was, "... a phenomenally large specimen such as is encountered occasionally in almost all groups of rodents." He ascribed the color differences noted by Miller to "seasonal" variation. The holotype of praetor is undeniably larger than the other adult specimens listed in the original description. These paratypes and other specimens of praetor available to me are approximately the same size externally and average only slightly larger cranially than specimens of peninsulae from central and southern Korea. However, the dorsal coloration of praetor is somewhat darker and duller than that of peninsulae, especially in summer pelage when praetor lacks the conspicuous bright ochraceous tinge of the Korean specimens. In addition, praetor has broader zygomatic plates with correspondingly deeper zygomatic notches and the color on the face of the upper incisors averages much more orange than in peninsulae.[Pg 342]

In the north then, wood mice range from Korea and Manchuria westward at least as far as the Altai Mountains. For mice from the intervening Siberian areas Russian workers have used the name major which, as noted above, is unavailable. The exact relationships of the mice of these areas to previously named subspecies is unknown to me and I have not seen specimens of "Mus (Alsomys) major rufulus" of Dukelsky, 1928, the type locality of which is 75 versts (approximately 50 miles) SE Vladivostok, Siberia. It appears to be of the same species as peninsulae and judging from the original description it closely resembles praetor. Neither have I seen specimens of the Sakhalin Island mouse, giliacus, which Ellerman (1949:32) regards as a subspecies of Apodemus sylvaticus. I feel reasonably sure, however, that it will prove to be a subspecies of peninsulae. In the original description giliacus was referred to as, "Most closely allied to the Korean subspecies..." (Thomas, 1907:411).

In China the extent of the distribution of Apodemus peninsulae is also uncertain. Allen (1940:949-50) reported its occurrence from Jehol and Hopeh in the northeast, southwestward through Shansi, Shensi and eastern Kansu to Szechuan and northwestern Yunnan. Throughout most of this region it occurs with another mouse, currently regarded as conspecific with Apodemus sylvaticus, and the two kinds have been confused by some previous authors. Howell (1929:58), for instance, reported twelve specimens of peninsulae from 65-75 mi. NE Peking but my examination of these mice indicates that only four are peninsulae while the others are referrable to what is currently regarded as Apodemus sylvaticus draco. Another subspecies of sylvaticus, A. s. orestes, occurs in Szechuan and Yunnan and it is certain that some records of distribution ascribed to peninsulae from those provinces actually represent orestes (see Allen, 1940:949-50). A. sylvaticus is distinguishable from peninsulae by darker ears, blackish preauricular patches, dark eye rings, a noticeably smaller skull, incisive foramina that reach the level of Ml (or nearly so), much larger auditory bullae, and a more fully developed posterointernal cusp on M1. Too, sylvaticus typically has 1-2=6 mammae although Allen reports finding a 2-2=8 formula in some specimens. Apodemus latronum, regarded as a full species by Osgood (1932:318) and G. M. Allen (1940:950) but as a subspecies of flavicollis by Ellerman (1949:32) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:567), also occurs in Szechuan and Yunnan. Its relatively dark color, large feet and large ears, flavi[Pg 343]collis-like skull and large molar teeth immediately separate it from peninsulae although the two possibly have been confused in the earlier literature. Until a complete revisionary study of the Asiatic members of the subgenus Sylvaemus can be undertaken the presence of peninsulae in southwestern China must remain in question.

The western limits of the geographic range of Apodemus peninsulae are unknown. Apodemus gurkha Thomas, 1924, from Nepal is said to have 2-2=8 mammae but the description is not otherwise suggestive of close relationship to peninsulae. Farther to the west, Apodemus flavicollis rusiges Miller, 1913, from Kashmir seems to have been properly assigned as a subspecies of flavicollis (cotypes and large series in USNM).

Wood mice almost certainly do not occur in the Gobi Desert. They are known as far west as the Altai Mountains to the north of the Gobi and at least as far west as Kansu (see below) to the south of it. Whether the geographic range of the species skirts the western edge of the arid regions of northern China is at present unknown; perhaps it does not. At any rate, mice available to me from the North Chinese provinces of Jehol, Shansi, Shensi and Kansu are notably different in certain external and cranial features from other known races of Apodemus peninsulae and are here given subspecific recognition. All measurements are in millimeters. Capitalized color terms are from Ridgway (1912).

Apodemus peninsulae sowerbyi, new subspecies

Table Key:
A: Occipitonasal length B: Zygomatic breadth
C: Mastoid breadth
D: Interorbital length
E: Frontonasal length
F: Nasal length
G: Depth of skull
H: Alveolar length of maxiary tooth-row

TABLE 1.—Cranial Measurements of Adults of Several Subspecies of Apodemus peninsulae

Comparisons.—From Apodemus peninsulae peninsulae (specimens from various localities in central Korea), A. p. sowerbyi differs in: External size smaller throughout, especially hind foot; upper parts, especially in summer pelage, and dorsal aspect of tail paler;[Pg 345] skull smaller and less massive; braincase proportionally more inflated; rostrum shorter and noticeably down-curved. From Apodemus peninsulae praetor of Manchuria (holotype and paratypes), A. p. sowerbyi differs in most of the same ways in which it does from peninsulae as well as in having more shallow zygomatic notches, narrower zygomatic plates and smaller, more slender, upper incisors. From Apodemus peninsulae nigritalus of the Altai Mountains of Siberia (holotype and paratypes), A. p. sowerbyi differs in: Smaller size, both external and cranial; paler dorsal coloration; less convex cranial outline in lateral view; smaller auditory bullae.

Remarks.—Apodemus peninsulae sowerbyi is named in honor of the late Arthur de Carle Sowerby whose collections of mammals from North China and Manchuria have added so much to our meager knowledge of that part of the world.

Four specimens from Hsin-lung-shan, 65 mi. NE Peking, here assigned to sowerbyi, are darker dorsally than mice from farther to the west and in this respect may show approach to A. p. praetor. In all other features, however, they closely resemble the new subspecies.

All of the specimens of sowerbyi available to me are from altitudes of 3000 feet or higher. At lower elevations in North China, destruction of wooded habitats owing to intense land-use practices has probably restricted the distribution of sowerbyi primarily to hilly and mountainous areas where brushy, scrub and forest habitats still prevail.

Apodemus peninsulae, then, is known or suspected to occur over much of southeastern Siberia, Manchuria, Korea and North China. The western limits of its geographic range are unknown. Over this vast area only four subspecies, one newly named, can be ascribed with certainty to peninsulae whereas only two other kinds, giliacus of Thomas from Sakhalin and rufulus of Dukelsky from extreme southeastern Siberia are probably conspecific with it, the latter possibly a synonym of praetor. These considerations underscore the preliminary nature of the present paper. The mammalian fauna of northeastern Asia is scarcely better known today than was[Pg 346] that of North America in 1885 when Dr. C. Hart Merriam organized what was later to become the U. S. Biological Survey.

It seems to me that the correct names of four kinds of wood mice discussed above are as follows:

Apodemus peninsulae peninsulae (Thomas, 1907)
Apodemus peninsulae nigritalus Hollister, 1913
Apodemus peninsulae praetor Miller, 1914
Apodemus peninsulae sowerbyi Jones, 1956

LITERATURE CITED

Allen, G. M.
1940. The mammals of China and Mongolia. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, 2:XXVI + 621-1350, September 3.

Ellerman, J. R. 1949. The families and genera of living rodents. British Mus., London, 3:V + 1-210, March.

Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals, 1758 to 1946. British Mus., London, 810 p., November 19.

Hollister, N. 1913. Two new mammals from the Siberian Altai. Smith. Misc. Coll., 60:1-3, March 13.

Howell, A. B. 1929. Mammals from China in the collections of the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 75:1-82, June 7.

Miller, G. S., Jr. 1914. Two new murine rodents from eastern Asia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:89-92, May 11.

Osgood, W. H. 1932. Mammals of the Kelley-Roosevelts and Delacour Asiatic expeditions. Field Columb. Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Series, 18:193-339, August 19.

Ridgway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D. C., published by the author.

Thomas, O. 1907. The Duke of Bedford's zoological explorations in eastern Asia.—IV. A list of small mammals from the islands of Saghalien and Hokkaido. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1907:404-414, August 1.

Transmitted May 12, 1956.

26-3854

The proportions (x2 and x10) in the figure caption are taken from the original text; actual sizes may be larger or smaller, depending on your monitor. The dimension corresponds to a monitor resolution of 100dpi.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomic Status of
Apodemus peninsulae, with Description of a New Subspecies from North China, by J. Knox Jones, Jr.

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APODEMUS PENINSULAE ***

***** This file should be named 31674-h.htm or 31674-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/6/7/31674/

Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Joseph R. Hauser
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.